Figure Gallery

Figure 1.2 Pandemic Evolution: Early Detection to Declaration of a COVID -19 Pandemic

Figure 1.3 Series of Graphs Illustrating the Spreading of SARS-CoV-2 Within China Provinces Before Declaring COVID-19 Pandemic Status

Figure 1.4. SARS-CoV-2 introductions to U.S. and Europe. Credit: Modified from Worobey M, Science, 2020.

Figure 1.5. Growth of cases in the United States in March 2020. Credit: Modified from New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-spread.html

Figure 2.2 SARS-CoV-2 Entry into Cell.

Figure 2.3. The life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells.

Figure 2.4. Multiple responses of a normal immune system.

Figure 2.5. Stochasticity layers of the mammalian IFN-I system from Decoding the dynamics of multilayered stochastic antiviral IFN-I responses.

Figure 2.6. Different cellular States due to varying cellular heterogeneity from Decoding the dynamics of multilayered stochastic antiviral IFN-I responses

Figure 3.2. Mount Sinai Health System COVID-19 cases between March 13, 2020, and April 13, 2020.

Figure 3.4. Diagnostic testing during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.

Figure 3.5. Mount Sinai Beth Israel side-by-side comparison of capacity by date.

Figure 3.6. Mount Sinai Health System COVID-19 cases from March 2020 to June 2022.

Figure 3.7. Vaccination trends in New York City.

Figure 3.8 Rates of COVID-19 by vaccination status in ages 5 and up, April 4, 2021 to April 30, 2022 (30 US jurisdictions).

Figure 3.9 MSBI and the 1918 influenza epidemic.

Figure 4.2 RADx Tech workflow.

Figure 5.4 Heat map utilized to report to NIH leadership.

Figure 7.2 Trajectory of molecular test positivity from infection through symptom onset. The box shows the period during which antigen tests have the highest sensitivity because the viral burden is highest. Notably, it can start slightly before symptoms. Diagram is for illustrative purposes only. Adapted from Siddiqi and Mehra (2020)26 and Sethuraman et al. (2020).

Figure 7.3 UpSet plot showing the most important CRC discussion content areas from a company perspective and the number of companies that valued the same topical areas. Listed in ascending order of importance: internal assay changes, CLIA classification, sample type, biosafety/contamination, clinical studies, market strategy, use case, and workflow.

Figure 8.2 Schematic representing the timeline and steps involved in laboratory analytical testing.

Figure 8.3 Graphical representation of the prevalence of various SARS-CoV-2 lineages over the past 500 days. Screenshot taken from https://outbreak.info/ on July 1, 2022.

Figure 8.4 Pathway from remnant clinical samples to a blinded variant panel. All panels were blinded to the tester. Data were unblinded and interpreted after testing was complete.

Figure 8.5 (a) Graphical representation of an antigen-based test that detected all variants to within 3 Ct values of B.1.2. (b) Graphical representation of an antigen-based test in which some variants were not detected within 3 Ct values of B.1.2. yellow (> 3 to ≤ 6-Ct difference) and red (> 6-Ct difference) results led to further analysis using individual patient samples of the variant.

Figure 9.2 Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.

Figure 9.3 Patient sample processing for molecular diagnostic tests and genomic sequencing. Ct, cycle threshold; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR.

Figure 9.4 Phylogenetic tree of SARS-CoV-2 variants. SARS-CoV-2 variants were visualized using the Nextstrain dashboard and data from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID).

Figure 9.5 Alignment of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein and part of the S gene. Panel (a) shows amino acid mutations and deletions in the N protein compared with Wuhan-Hu-1. Panel (b) shows nucleotide changes in the S gene and a close-up of SGTF.

Figure 9.6 RADx VTF organization and collaboration.

Figure 11.2 Importance of testing components from the perspectives of different users.

Figure 12.2 Flattening the curve relates to the control of a pandemic so the number of cases does not overwhelm a health system immediately. Modified image based on World Economic Forum figures. Source: www.weforum.org/ agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-control-measures/.

Figure 13.2 National Assessment of Educational Progress report covering reading and math assessments of nine-year-olds from 2020 to 2022.

Figure 14.2 The number of tests produced per day. This represents items that were manufactured, including laboratory-based technologies, POC and home tests, and laboratory products. Descriptions of these technologies can be found on the RADx Tech/ATP Phase 2 awards page.

More than 70 companies participated in a clinical use-case discussion. Diagnostic tools were intended to be used at the POC (with or without a device), in reference laboratories, in a mobile van, or for sample collection and preparation. Detection modalities included antigen detection, nucleic acid tests, concentration and capture, and others.